The Master of Science in Architecture (M.S.) at Penn State's College of Arts and Architecture is a post-professional, research-oriented academic degree intended for students with professional degrees (five-year B.Arch. or equivalent) in architecture. The program is designed to strengthen the intellectual foundation of students' work through rigorous studio investigations, design applications, and advanced theoretical inquiry. Students identify a research area of inquiry, culminating in a Master's thesis involving original research, typically across disciplines such as theoretical perspectives, methods of urban design, ethics, material studies, and architectural precedents analysis. Exceptional candidates with nonprofessional, four-year architecture degrees may be admitted, but typically must undertake remedial coursework and extend their study duration. Admission requires a minimum undergraduate GPA of 3.0, a portfolio of creative work, three recommendations, official transcripts, and a statement of intent. English language requirements for international applicants typically include IELTS (minimum 6.5) or TOEFL (minimum 80). The program fosters expertise in research while preparing students for advanced doctoral studies or academic careers. 来源： https://arts.psu.edu/degrees/master-of-architecture-in-architecture